Guide10.2
Granulation end point
The end point is the stage at which granules have the right physical properties for drying, compression or encapsulation. Binder liquid bonds particles into larger granules with better flow and handling.
| State | Characteristics | Consequences |
|---|---|---|
| Under-granulated | Weak granules, excess fines | Poor flow, segregation, dust, weight variation, poor compressibility |
| Optimal | Strong, uniform, free-flowing, correct moisture | Reliable downstream processing and consistent quality |
| Over-granulated | Dense, oversized granules | Poor flow, slow dissolution, poor hardness control |
- Parameters that affect the end point: binder type and concentration, liquid addition rate, impeller and chopper speed, mixing time, moisture, powder properties, granulator design and room conditions.
- How it is determined: impeller torque or power consumption, granule appearance, particle size distribution, moisture content and PAT where available.
- Best practice: define validated end-point criteria, monitor in real time, trend data and investigate deviations (see C-08 if the end point is missed).
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